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The following article was published in our article directory on July 22, 2013.
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The Artist William Turner and the routes of the impressionists

Article Category: Arts and Crafts

Author Name: Samuel Durkin

Water-colourist, and printmaker. Turner was regarded as a controversial personality in his day, however is nowadays regarded as the painter who elevated landscape artwork to an eminence rivaling history painting. Although celebrated for his oil paintings, Turner is also among the best artists of British watercolor landscape painting. He is commonly known as "the painter of light" and his art is regarded as a Romantic preface to Impressionism.

Joseph Mallord William Turner was baptized on 14 May 1775, but his date of birth is not known. It is commonly postulated he was born between late April and early May. Turner himself asserted he was born on 23 April, but there is little evidence of it. He was born in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, London, England. His father, William Turner (1745-21 September 1829), was a barber and hairpiece producer, His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers. A younger sister, Mary Ann, was born in September 1778 however died aged four in August 1783.

Turner's expertise was appreciated early on in his life. Financial freedom granted Turner to innovate unhampered; his developed work is styled by a chromatic colour scheme and broadly applied misty washes of paint.

Appropriate means of expressions for Turner's ingenuity were uncovered in shipwrecks, fires (namely the burning of Parliament in 1834, an event that Turner rushed to observe in person, and which he recorded in a collection of watercolor sketches), natural catastrophes, and natural phenomena like sunshine, fog, storm, and rain. He was captivated by the devastating potential of the ocean, as seen in Dawn after the Wreck (1840) and "The Slave Ship" (1840).

Turner put human beings in many of his pictures to demonstrate his regard for mankind on one hand (keep in mind the recurring scenes of people imbibing and merry-making or working in the foreground), but it is vulnerability and coarseness in the middle of the 'sublime' nature of the world on the other. 'Sublime' here indicates majestic, savage grandeur, an environment un-mastered by mankind, proof of the potential of God subject that painters and writers were considering in this particular time. The importance of light was to Turner the origination of God's spirit and this was why he honed the subject matter of his later paintings by leaving out solid objects and detail, addressing the play of light on water, the luminosity of fires and skies. Although these late paintings appear to be 'impressionistic' and therefore a predecessor of the French persuasion, Turner was pursuing expression of spirituality on earth, as opposed to reacting primarily to optical sensations.

His early works, such as Tintern Abbey (1795), remained true to the traditions of English landscape. In Hannibal Crossing the Alps (1812), a stress on the destructive power of nature had already come into play. His extraordinary style of art, by which he used watercolor technique together with oil paints, created lightness, eloquence, as well as ephemeral atmospheric effects.

One account concerning Turner, though it likely has hardly any root in reality, say he had himself "tied to the mast of a ship in order to experience the drama" of the elements during the course of a storm at sea.

In his later years he made use of oils ever more transparently, and used an evocation of basically pure light by application of iridescent color. A prime instance of his mature style is seen in Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway, in which the things are scarcely recognizable. The ferocity of color and interest of evanescent light not only fixed Turner's work in the vanguard of English painting, but exerted an effect on fine art in France; the Impressionists, significantly Claude Monet, meticulously scrutinized his methods. As many of the time, Turner was a seasoned user of snuff; in 1838 the King of France, Louis-Philippe proffered an all gold snuffbox to him. A pair of other snuffboxes, a silver and agate example bears Turner's name the other, made from wood was collected along with his spectacles, magnifying glass and card case by an associate house keeper.

Substantial amounts of ash in the atmosphere during 1816, the "Year Without a Summer", brought about abnormally spectacular sunsets throughout this period, and were a revelation for some of Turner's work.

A prominent annual art award, the Turner Prize, produced in 1984, was named in Turner's honor, and twenty years subsequently the Winsor & Newton Turner Watercolour Award was created.

An important expo, "Turner's Britain", together with work (including The Fighting Temeraire) on loan from around the world, was held at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery from 7 November 2003 to 8 February 2004. In 2005, Turner's The Fighting Temeraire was elected Britain's "greatest painting" in a public survey put together by the BBC.

Turner was considered a contentious figure in his day, however is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivaling history painting. Renowned for his oil paintings, Turner is also one of the greatest masters of British watercolor landscape painting. Turner placed human beings in many of his paintings to indicate his affection for humanity on one hand (note the frequent scenes of people drinking and merry-making or working in the foreground), but its vulnerability and vulgarity among the 'sublime' nature of the world on the other. The importance of light was to Turner the emanation of God's spirit and this was why he honed the subject matter of his subsequently paintings by leaving out solid objects and detail, concentrating on the play of light on water, the radiance of fires and skies. The intensity of hue and interest in evanescent light not only placed Turner's work in the vanguard of English painting, however exerted an influence on art in France; the Impressionists, particularly Claude Monet, carefully studied his techniques.

Keywords: Art, artist, artists, arts, turner, painting, paintings, artwork, impressionist, classical art, impressionism

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